ViTraS

• The Impact of Avatar and Environment Congruence on Plausibility, Embodiment, Presence, and the Proteus Effect in Virtual Reality. Mal, David; Wolf, Erik; Döllinger, Nina; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (TVCG), bll 1–11. 2023.
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  Many studies show the significance of the Proteus effect for serious virtual reality applications. The present study extends the existing knowledge by considering the relationship (congruence) between the self-embodiment (avatar) and the virtual environment. We investigated the impact of avatar and environment types and their congruence on avatar plausibility, sense of embodiment, spatial presence, and the Proteus effect. In a 2 × 2 between-subjects design, participants embodied either an avatar in sports- or business wear in a semantic congruent or incongruent environment while performing lightweight exercises in virtual reality. The avatar-environment congruence significantly affected the avatar’s plausibility but not the sense of embodiment or spatial presence. However, a significant Proteus effect emerged only for participants who reported a high feeling of (virtual) body ownership, indicating that a strong sense of having and owning a virtual body is key to facilitating the Proteus effect. We discuss the results assuming current theories of bottom-up and top-down determinants of the Proteus effect and thus contribute to understanding its underlying mechanisms and determinants.

  @article{noauthororeditor2023impact, abstract = {Many studies show the significance of the Proteus effect for serious virtual reality applications. The present study extends the existing knowledge by considering the relationship (congruence) between the self-embodiment (avatar) and the virtual environment. We investigated the impact of avatar and environment types and their congruence on avatar plausibility, sense of embodiment, spatial presence, and the Proteus effect. In a 2 × 2 between-subjects design, participants embodied either an avatar in sports- or business wear in a semantic congruent or incongruent environment while performing lightweight exercises in virtual reality. The avatar-environment congruence significantly affected the avatar’s plausibility but not the sense of embodiment or spatial presence. However, a significant Proteus effect emerged only for participants who reported a high feeling of (virtual) body ownership, indicating that a strong sense of having and owning a virtual body is key to facilitating the Proteus effect. We discuss the results assuming current theories of bottom-up and top-down determinants of the Proteus effect and thus contribute to understanding its underlying mechanisms and determinants.}, author = {Mal, David and Wolf, Erik and Döllinger, Nina and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (TVCG)}, keywords = {dmal}, pages = {1-11}, title = {The Impact of Avatar and Environment Congruence on Plausibility, Embodiment, Presence, and the Proteus Effect in Virtual Reality}, year = 2023 }

• Analyzing Eye Tracking Data in Mirror Exposure. Döllinger, Nina; Göttfert, Christopher; Wolf, Erik; Mal, David; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In Proceedings of the Conference on Mensch und Computer. 2022.
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  Mirror exposure is an important method in the treatment of body image disturbances. Eye tracking can support the unaffected assessment of attention biases during mirror exposure. However, the analysis of eye tracking data in mirror exposure comes with various difficulties and is associated with a high manual workload during data processing. We present an automated data processing framework that enables us to determine any body part as an area of interest without placing markers on the bodies of participants. A short, formative user study proved the quality compared to the gold standard. The automatic processing and openness for different systems allow a broad range of applications.

  @inproceedings{dollinger2022eyetracking, abstract = {Mirror exposure is an important method in the treatment of body image disturbances. Eye tracking can support the unaffected assessment of attention biases during mirror exposure. However, the analysis of eye tracking data in mirror exposure comes with various difficulties and is associated with a high manual workload during data processing. We present an automated data processing framework that enables us to determine any body part as an area of interest without placing markers on the bodies of participants. A short, formative user study proved the quality compared to the gold standard. The automatic processing and openness for different systems allow a broad range of applications.}, author = {Döllinger, Nina and Göttfert, Christopher and Wolf, Erik and Mal, David and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Conference on Mensch und Computer}, keywords = {change_experience}, title = {Analyzing Eye Tracking Data in Mirror Exposure}, year = 2022 }
• Resize Me! Exploring the User Experience of Embodied Realistic Modulatable Avatars for Body Image Intervention in Virtual Reality. Döllinger, Nina; Wolf, Erik; Mal, David; Wenninger, Stephan; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In Frontiers in Virtual Reality. 2022.
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  Obesity is a serious disease that can affect both physical and psychological well-being. Due to weight stigmatization, many affected individuals suffer from body image disturbances whereby they perceive their body in a distorted way, evaluate it negatively, or neglect it. Beyond established interventions such as mirror exposure, recent advancements aim to complement body image treatments by the embodiment of visually altered virtual bodies in virtual reality (VR). We present a high-fidelity prototype of an advanced VR system that allows users to embody a rapidly generated personalized, photorealistic avatar and to realistically modulate its body weight in real-time within a carefully designed virtual environment. In a formative multi-method approach, a total of 12 participants rated the general user experience (UX) of our system during body scan and VR experience using semi-structured qualitative interviews and multiple quantitative UX measures. Using body weight modification tasks, we further compared three different interaction methods for real-time body weight modification and measured our system's impact on the body image relevant measures body awareness and body weight perception. From the feedback received, demonstrating an already solid UX of our overall system and providing constructive input for further improvement, we derived a set of design guidelines to guide future development and evaluation processes of systems supporting body image interventions.

  @article{dollinger2022resizeme, abstract = {Obesity is a serious disease that can affect both physical and psychological well-being. Due to weight stigmatization, many affected individuals suffer from body image disturbances whereby they perceive their body in a distorted way, evaluate it negatively, or neglect it. Beyond established interventions such as mirror exposure, recent advancements aim to complement body image treatments by the embodiment of visually altered virtual bodies in virtual reality (VR). We present a high-fidelity prototype of an advanced VR system that allows users to embody a rapidly generated personalized, photorealistic avatar and to realistically modulate its body weight in real-time within a carefully designed virtual environment. In a formative multi-method approach, a total of 12 participants rated the general user experience (UX) of our system during body scan and VR experience using semi-structured qualitative interviews and multiple quantitative UX measures. Using body weight modification tasks, we further compared three different interaction methods for real-time body weight modification and measured our system's impact on the body image relevant measures body awareness and body weight perception. From the feedback received, demonstrating an already solid UX of our overall system and providing constructive input for further improvement, we derived a set of design guidelines to guide future development and evaluation processes of systems supporting body image interventions.}, author = {Döllinger, Nina and Wolf, Erik and Mal, David and Wenninger, Stephan and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality}, keywords = {change_experience}, title = {Resize Me! Exploring the User Experience of Embodied Realistic Modulatable Avatars for Body Image Intervention in Virtual Reality}, year = 2022 }
• Virtual Human Coherence and Plausibility – Towards a Validated Scale. Mal, David; Wolf, Erik; Döllinger, Nina; Botsch, Mario; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Proceedings of the 29th IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VR ’22). 2022.
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  Virtual humans contribute to users’ state of plausibility in various XR applications. We present the development and preliminary evaluation of a self-assessment questionnaire to quantify virtual human’s plausibility in virtual environments based on eleven concise items. A principal component analysis of 650 appraisals collected in an online survey revealed two highly reliable components within the items. We interpret the components as possible factors, i.e., appearance and behavior plausibility and match to the virtual environment, and propose future work aiming towards a standardized virtual human plausibility scale by validating the structure and sensitivity of both sub-components in XR environments.

  @inproceedings{mal2022virtual, abstract = {Virtual humans contribute to users’ state of plausibility in various XR applications. We present the development and preliminary evaluation of a self-assessment questionnaire to quantify virtual human’s plausibility in virtual environments based on eleven concise items. A principal component analysis of 650 appraisals collected in an online survey revealed two highly reliable components within the items. We interpret the components as possible factors, i.e., appearance and behavior plausibility and match to the virtual environment, and propose future work aiming towards a standardized virtual human plausibility scale by validating the structure and sensitivity of both sub-components in XR environments.}, author = {Mal, David and Wolf, Erik and Döllinger, Nina and Botsch, Mario and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VR '22)}, keywords = {dmal}, title = {Virtual Human Coherence and Plausibility – Towards a Validated Scale}, year = 2022 }

• Behavioral Framework of Immersive Technologies ({BehaveFIT}): How and Why Virtual Reality can Support Behavioral Change Processes. Wienrich, Carolin; Döllinger, Nina; Hein, Rebecca. In Frontiers in Virtual Reality. Technology for VR. Special Issue: User Experience in Virtual Reality Application design, 2. Frontiers Media {SA}, 2021.
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  @article{Wienrich_2021, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Döllinger, Nina and Hein, Rebecca}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality. Technology for VR. Special Issue: User Experience in Virtual Reality Application design}, keywords = {change_experience}, month = {06}, publisher = {Frontiers Media {SA}}, title = {Behavioral Framework of Immersive Technologies ({BehaveFIT}): How and Why Virtual Reality can Support Behavioral Change Processes}, volume = 2, year = 2021 }
• Challenges and Opportunities of Immersive Technologies for Mindfulness Meditation: A Systematic Review. Döllinger, Nina; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 2, bll 644–683. 2021.
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  @article{-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5), author = {Döllinger, Nina and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality}, keywords = {change_experience}, pages = {644-683}, title = {Challenges and Opportunities of Immersive Technologies for Mindfulness Meditation: A Systematic Review}, volume = 2, year = 2021 }
• Self-Touch:An Immersive Interaction-Technique to Enhance Body Awareness. Keppler, Sebastian; Döllinger, Nina; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Israel, Johann Habakuk. In Proceedingsof the 19th ACM Conference on Culture and Computer Science. 2021.
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  @inproceedings{keppler2021selftouchan, author = {Keppler, Sebastian and Döllinger, Nina and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Israel, Johann Habakuk}, booktitle = {Proceedingsof the 19th ACM Conference on Culture and Computer Science}, keywords = {change_experience}, title = {Self-Touch:An Immersive Interaction-Technique to Enhance Body Awareness}, year = 2021 }
• The Embodiment of Photorealistic Avatars Influences Female Body Weight Perception in Virtual Reality. Wolf, Erik; Merdan, Nathalie; Döllinger, Nina; Mal, David; Wienrich, Carolin; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Proceedings of the 28th IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR ’21). 2021.
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  Embodiment and body perception have become important research topics in the field of virtual reality (VR). VR is considered a particularly promising tool to support research and therapy in regard to distorted body weight perception. However, the influence of embodiment on body weight perception has yet to be clarified. To address this gap, we compared body weight perception of 56 female participants of normal weight using a VR application. They either (a) self-embodied a photorealistic, non-personalized virtual human and performed body movements in front of a virtual mirror or (b) only observed the virtual human as other's avatar (or agent) performing the same movements in front of them. Afterward, participants had to estimate the virtual human's body weight. Additionally, we considered the influence of the participants' body mass index (BMI) on the estimations and captured the participants' feelings of presence and embodiment. Participants estimated the body weight of the virtual human as their embodied self-avatars significantly lower compared to participants rating the virtual human as other's avatar. Furthermore, the estimations of body weight were significantly predicted by the participant's BMI with embodiment, but not without. Our results clearly highlight embodiment as an important factor influencing the perception of virtual humans' body weights in VR.

  @inproceedings{wolf2021embodiment, abstract = {Embodiment and body perception have become important research topics in the field of virtual reality (VR). VR is considered a particularly promising tool to support research and therapy in regard to distorted body weight perception. However, the influence of embodiment on body weight perception has yet to be clarified. To address this gap, we compared body weight perception of 56 female participants of normal weight using a VR application. They either (a) self-embodied a photorealistic, non-personalized virtual human and performed body movements in front of a virtual mirror or (b) only observed the virtual human as other's avatar (or agent) performing the same movements in front of them. Afterward, participants had to estimate the virtual human's body weight. Additionally, we considered the influence of the participants' body mass index (BMI) on the estimations and captured the participants' feelings of presence and embodiment. Participants estimated the body weight of the virtual human as their embodied self-avatars significantly lower compared to participants rating the virtual human as other's avatar. Furthermore, the estimations of body weight were significantly predicted by the participant's BMI with embodiment, but not without. Our results clearly highlight embodiment as an important factor influencing the perception of virtual humans' body weights in VR.}, author = {Wolf, Erik and Merdan, Nathalie and Döllinger, Nina and Mal, David and Wienrich, Carolin and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR '21)}, keywords = {m.botsch}, title = {The Embodiment of Photorealistic Avatars Influences Female Body Weight Perception in Virtual Reality}, year = 2021 }

• appRaiseVR-An Evaluation Framework for Immersive Experiences. Wienrich, Carolin; Gramlich, Johanna. In i-com, 19(2), bll 103–121. De Gruyter, 2020.
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  @article{wienrich2020appraisevr, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Gramlich, Johanna}, journal = {i-com}, keywords = {change_experience}, number = 2, pages = {103-121}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, title = {appRaiseVR-An Evaluation Framework for Immersive Experiences}, volume = 19, year = 2020 }
• DC The Impact of Social Interactions on an Embodied Individual’s Self-perception in Virtual Environments. Mal, David. In 2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW), bll 545–546. IEEE, Atlanta, GA, USA, USA, 2020.
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  In shared immersive virtual reality, users can interact with other participants and experience them as being present in the environment. Thereby different aspects of the respective interaction partners can have an impact on the perceived quality of the communication and possibly also the self-perception of an embodied user. This paper describes various factors the author aims to investigate during his doctoral studies. As the research area of embodied social interactions is broad, relevant factors and concrete research questions have been identified to investigate how social contact with one or multiple other persons may affect one’s self-perception, behavior and her or his relationship with the others while being embodied in a virtual environment.

  @conference{mal2020impact, abstract = {In shared immersive virtual reality, users can interact with other participants and experience them as being present in the environment. Thereby different aspects of the respective interaction partners can have an impact on the perceived quality of the communication and possibly also the self-perception of an embodied user. This paper describes various factors the author aims to investigate during his doctoral studies. As the research area of embodied social interactions is broad, relevant factors and concrete research questions have been identified to investigate how social contact with one or multiple other persons may affect one’s self-perception, behavior and her or his relationship with the others while being embodied in a virtual environment.}, address = {Atlanta, GA, USA, USA}, author = {Mal, David}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW)}, keywords = {dmal}, pages = {545-546}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {DC The Impact of Social Interactions on an Embodied Individual’s Self-perception in Virtual Environments}, year = 2020 }
• Body Weight Perception of Females using Photorealistic Avatars in Virtual and Augmented Reality. Wolf, Erik; Döllinger, Nina; Mal, David; Wienrich, Carolin; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), bll 462–473. 2020.
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  @inproceedings{wolf2020bodyweight, author = {Wolf, Erik and Döllinger, Nina and Mal, David and Wienrich, Carolin and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)}, keywords = {m.botsch}, pages = {462-473}, title = {Body Weight Perception of Females using Photorealistic Avatars in Virtual and Augmented Reality}, year = 2020 }

• ViTraS-virtual reality therapy by stimulation of modulated body image-project outline. Döllinger, Nina; Wienrich, Carolin; Wolf, Erik; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Mensch und Computer 2019-Workshopband. Gesellschaft für Informatik eV, 2019.
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  @article{dollinger2019vitras, author = {Döllinger, Nina and Wienrich, Carolin and Wolf, Erik and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {Mensch und Computer 2019-Workshopband}, keywords = {m.botsch}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik eV}, title = {ViTraS-virtual reality therapy by stimulation of modulated body image-project outline}, year = 2019 }